12AU7 - Low mu
12AT7 - Medium mu
12AX7 - High mu
mu = amplification factor
this is half of the story, jojo has said a lot already...
one has to look at the circuit topology and circuit values,
operating points of the circuit to know the voltage gain....
since no two tubes are exactly alike, even within the same
envelope, dual triodes are not perfectly matched....
test a hundred tubes and you will be lucky to find one or two
that are perfectly matched....
so what the tube rollers find as changing sound flavors,
is nothing more than a shift in operating points...
different tubes will have different current draw in any given circuit,
and so the perceived change in sound character when you tube roll...
the tube data you find in datasheets are nothing more than
the statistical averages for tubes tested, your actual tube
can fall at either extremes of statistics, or it may fall inside
the average or bogey values....
just like any other amplifying devices, tubes follow the laws of
physics and thermodynamics...the amount of gas still left inside the
bottle also has an effect, i had a vintage EF86 die on me just recently,
in a matter of 3 days the gettering flash faded slowly and then it died..